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| Our Field |
| Infova Consultancy Services is having world class experts for consultancy services pertaining to development , welfare , progress and the prosperity of versatile activities and multi dimensional business activities all around the world by all types of social , educational, literary, cultural, family, agricultural, business, industrial, trade, yoga, astrological, religious, manufacture, commercial, charitable, employment, training, teaching, job-orientation, technological, technical, scientific, civic, marketing, economic , banking , financial , housing , organizational , executive political , legal , union , health , medical , associational , movement , administration , human resources , various certifications , various standard authentications , various qualification authentications , various experience authentications , various quality authentications , various institutional registrations , various branch Registrations, common causes, civil liberties and human rights activities and/or all types of any other activities as the need be felt; as by law established. |
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| Environment |
ICS worked for better environment. It has always maintained that all its components should be protected from pollution and the surroundings should be clean. We need to take good care of our land, water resources, forests and atmosphere. It is also necessary to ensure a balance between these resources and living creatures, to meet our needs.
Urban Solid Waste Management
At Infova various projects have been undertaken through deployment of competent persons qualified in solid waste management (real hard taskmasters and not people who turn up with a handkerchief to cover their nose to keep the stink away), application of efficient combination of waste handling equipments in cost effective manner and streamlining of the handling of waste at various stages throughout its journey from source of generation to ultimate safe disposal site, without intermediate dumping and accumulation of waste for days together. Matching financial support, discipline and attitudinal change in all concerned with effective and successful MSW management.
Livelihood
ICS has worked to eliminate rural poverty by empowering rural households in nine mainly tribal with a bottom-up approach, facilitating, inspiring and guiding community-driven collective and individual action to reduce poverty through Gram Sabha (village assemblies).improved the lives of the poor and vulnerable by routing funds through Gram Sabha to activities that communities have identified as important. Identified, tests and proved new development options which can be taken up and applied by the governments to improve the lives of the poor ; particularly concerned with improving the lives of women through broadening their social and economic participation, by strengthening the capacity of Gram Sabha to plan and manage resources, to ensure equitable distribution of funds, and
to protect and promote the interests of the poor and vulnerable, paying particular attention to access to resources, information and services
Water and Sanitation
ICS envisaged 100 per cent coverage of rural and urban population with safe drinking water as per the stipulated norms and standards (40 lpcd of safe drinking water within a walking distance of 1.6 Kms or elevation difference of 100 metres in hilly areas, to be relaxed as per field conditions; at least one hand pump/spot source for every 250 persons), also envisaged establishment of a quality monitoring and surveillance system, evolution of cost effective and socially acceptable operation and maintenance (O & M) strategies, and reorienting the structure and functioning of rural water supply planning and implementing agencies to ensure sustainability
Water Resource Management
ICS provided water to 22 villages, composed of sand stone, which is medium to coarse grained and has good porosity and transmissibility. However, the area around had poor ground water quality and the average rainfall in the area is also on the lower side, about 500 mm. Under these circumstances, water resource management assumes significance for source sustainability. There were two ponds namely, Somani talao and the Bhimnath talao which is on the road .
Both these ponds were deepened by excavating 55,000 m3 and 6,000 m3 mud respectively and the mud was used to increase the height of both the talaos by 30 cms.
As result of the deepening the capacities of the two ponds have been augmented by 1,38,000 m3. in addition a 3 km stretch of recharge channel has been deepened and
diverted to the two ponds. Thus the water that overflows as well as the run-off from the village borders is diverted through the recharge channel into the Bhimnath talao. In each talao a recharge bore has also been developed so that water easily percolates into the aquifer.
Forestry and Eco-Development
ICS has worked for Village Eco-development since the same is the most important aspect of Eco-development project and incorporates the revenue villages, all nesses and all forest settlement villages. Initiation under village eco-development programme started when village workshops and meetings were organized and training in Eco-development were also organized. As a first step to open the dialogues, number of works and activities were taken up in the villages. Gobar gas plants were installed to reduce fuel wood consumption and to minimize physical labor. Cattle immunization camps were held to have diseases free livestock in and around the sanctuary.
Many old and exposed wells that posed danger to wild animals were bounded by parapet wall. New wells were constructed for the villagers and old wells were repaired to provide potable water to animals and human beings.
Protection of Land
Infova has always maintained that Land is the upper layer of our planet earth. It is made up of soil and rocks. Land stores water and provide a surface to live on. Soil contains nutrients and air to nurse germs and plants. Fertility of the soil has been built up over hundreds of years. Soil is likely to be washed away with rain water or blown away by wind, if it is not protected under the cover of grasses, crops or trees.
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| Agriculture development and NAIP According to Infova |
In the last ten years agriculture in India has undergone considerable change. National food self-sufficiency has been achieved, although many poor households are still at risk. The demand for income elastic products, such as fruits, vegetables, meat, eggs, fish, milk, sugar and edible oils has increased and is encouraging diversification of production. While agricultural development has long been production based, its future will be more market driven. About 80% of the 260m people below the poverty line in India live in rural areas and depend upon agriculture for their livelihood. Most are small farmers exploiting a fragile base and landless people seeking to sell their labor. Market driven agricultural development affects their poverty through effects on producer incomes, consumer prices, employment and wages, and through multiplier effects throughout the economy. It may also reduce rural to urban migration. In order to generate additional income and employment for the poor, the role of agricultural R&D is critical. Now there is a limited scope for area expansion. Therefore, enhanced productivity, profitability and Competitiveness will be the main sources of agricultural growth in the future. This has to be triggered by innovations and applications of science and technology in agriculture. In other words, Indian agriculture will shift from exclusive resource and input based growth to inclusive knowledge and science-based growth as well.
Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) are integrated tools for managing and assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of investments in agriculture research & extension systems.
The focus of M & E system in the World Bank has shifted from monitoring implementation to tracking results. Results based systems build upon and add to traditional implementation focused systems emphasizing project outcomes. Since 2003, the World Bank has used the Results Framework, which is a simplified version of the traditional log frame focusing on (a) the Project
Development Objectives (PDO) and (b) intermediate outcomes expected from implementing each individual project component, which in turn contribute to the achievement of the PDO.
Also, the focus is on a learning approach to M & E that uses achievements and problems for better decision- delegated to the CICs and/or Consortium Leaders.
PIU-NAIP
- Providing logistic support for the NSC, PMC, O&MPC, RPC, O&MAG and TAGs, and preparing the respective meeting schedules and agenda (developed in consultation with the chairs of the respective committees);
- Reviewing relevant reports and other materials, developing recommendations, drafts, minutes of meetings, contracting and administering special studies, reviews, etc. as advised by the NSC,O&MPC and RPC;
- Technical, financial, procurement and administrative management of NAIP, including Issuing “Calls for Proposals” with the powers as may be delegated by PMC;
- Overseeing the implementation of NAIP activities as approved by the PMC, including on the basis of O&MPC and RPC inputs;
- Preparing, collating and tracking implementation of all training activities;
- Organizing the Annual NAIP Workshop;
- Requesting withdrawals from the NAIP Special Accounts and release of funds for authorized Expenditures under NAIP;
- Submitting six monthly and annual progress reports within one month and audit reports within six months of the close of fiscal year to the World Bank, NSC and PMC;
- Liaising with the World Bank concerning operation and management of the NAIP as and when required for the execution of the NAIP supported activities, and organizing World Bank review missions; and
- Preparing all reports, documentation and information on NAIP including consortium progress
and impact evaluation for O&MPC, RPC and World Bank Missions and any other report required by various authorities. The Project Implementation Unit with approval of the PMC may arrange expert advice from consultants in any subject matter area related to NAIP implementation.
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| Child Rights & Protection |
Distressed Child Management
At ICS Distressed-children management refers to the biological and psychological changes that occur in human beings between conception and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy.
Developmental change may occur as a result of genetically-controlled processes known as maturation, or as a result of environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the two. The optimal development of children is considered vital to society and so it is important to understand the social, cognitive, emotional, and educational development of children.
Distressed-children management is a process every child goes through and is holistic in nature.i.e a child develops as a whole. This process involves learning and mastering skills like sitting, walking, talking, skipping and tying shoes. Children learn these skills called Developmental milestones, during predictable time periods. All round development of a child comprises three major aspects or areas of domains.
Monitoring of Child Law:
In our constantly evolving world, we find that political democracy is steadily being eroded by modern forms of hegemony. This new world order is arising from the mediation, to varying degrees, by the military, the corporate and professionals such as engineers, Physicians and scientists, in nearly every realm of social activity, and the dictate of market ethics in social policy. Even the face of human interaction and behavior is being revolutionized and redefined through inroads made by information technology. In this speeded up and technocratic global context, issues concerning the child are often relegated to the back burner of development agendas.
This is due to the fact that children are not recognized as persons, subjects or critical players in national progress.
Further this has been facilitated by the notion that problems relating to children were non controversial and should be seen as non-political in the power politics and standing above politics. As a result children have been placed outside the political agenda. This has often been the detriment of children, other interest have been given priority at the cost of children.
This public apathy to the needs of the child, coupled with the unequal distribution of social and economic power in society and the consensus that children are a 'property' of the parent or the State, have largely contributed to widespread violations against children.
To combat these inequities, early political struggles sought remedy in the strength of human rights law, but an international sanction to safeguard the interest of the child was lacking. It was the year 1989 that saw the emergence of a new global ethics for children - the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).
This universal standard, ratified by India in December 1992 has also been ratified by all excepting two countries in the world.
At ICS awareness and knowledge about the convention are important as a basis for implementation.
Any rights can seldom be given; but however the question is they have to be obtained by those whom they are meant for and ICS puts its full efforts on the Rights of the Child is of paramount importance. One of its main message is that the children should be put first on the development agenda.
The Centre advocates the need for a more accountable and responsive State. It argues against subsistence provisions for children in public policy and the quiet acceptance that budgetary constraints are grounds for the denial of the rights of children. ICS believes that a society that fails to address the root and structural causes of such violations and neglects to offer them the basic protections afforded in rights discourse, is a society that has got its priorities wrong. ICS advocates for greater societal consciousness, to create solidarity based peoples' movement to exert pressure from below.
The underlying concern is to touch the lives of children and their families and related to children, has been one of the core activities of ICS. Communities, while strengthening the hands of those who strive to make child rights a reality.
Our main Objectives:
While building the Center the aim was to develop a space where research focuses on building linkages between the globalization process and the violation of child rights and which can enable the development of a South based jurisprudence which centers around the use of education as a strategy to combat the exploitation of children. The Center aimed at critically examining the law and policies and monitoring their implementation as well.
Capacity building with a child rights perspective of various stakeholders including government functionaries involved with either the implementation or monitoring of laws
- To deepen perspective and promote capacity building on child rights and to integrate modules on child rights in the curricula of various professional courses.
- To contribute to the development of a comprehensive legal
- framework for children through a Child Code that will also influence system and law reform
- To contribute to efforts aimed at lobbying for effective monitoring mechanisms such as the Children's Commission
- To evolve and support effective service delivery and response systems for children, their families and communities
- To bridge the gaps and promote solidarity partnerships between disciplines, academia, local communities, social movements and civil society at large for mutual benefit and aimed at the best interests of children.
- To serve as a resource pool on child related issues
- To help shape, institutionalize and prioritize a human rights agenda for children at various levels and arenas
Abuse & Violence
Sexual abuse is any kind of unwanted or forced sexual behavior. It includes rape, sodomy, harassment and eve teasing. Sexual violence against children is most commonly perpetrated by someone known to the child, but assaults by strangers in the community happen as well.
Major findings on sexual abuse in India
(from the Study. Child Abuse. India. 2007)
-53.22% children reported having faced one of more forms of sexual abuse.
-21.90% child respondents facing severe forms of sexual abuse and 50.76% other forms of sexual abuse.
- 50% abuses are persons known to the child or in a position of trust and responsibility.
- Children on street, children at work and children in institutional care reported the highest incidence of sexual assault.
- Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and Delhi reported the highest percentage of sexual abuse among both boys and girls.
- Most Children did not report the matter to anyone.
Awareness Programme on Child Rights
ICS has a core group, which has one child representative each from all most all the districts of India. ICS adult facilitators from each representative has formed another core group as public –private partnership to assist children in ICS activities and programmes without interfering in children’s right to participate. ICS representatives meet regularly to plan their activities and implement it properly. ICS Leaders (Core Group) meets very often. With the objective to chalk out their Annual programme calendar.
Through discussions, workshops, drama, songs and games, ICS members share their experiences, plan and undertake actions (awareness campaigns, rallies and programmes) which promote their rights. ICS members also conduct studies on issues concerning their lives and share it with decision-makers and media.
ICS members through series of workshops discussed the issue of education and 93rd Amendment Bill to the Constitution of India related to education that was to be introduced in the parliament in November 2001.
They also sent their comments to the Speaker of Lok Sabha. In the same year ICS members had also organized workshops to deliberate on the ongoing war on terrorism in Afghanistan and its effect on children and released a report on the issue of “War and its Effect on Children” on Different national and international News Media Portals.
Child Trafficking
Ending Child Trafficking will require international, regional and national cooperation. Cooperation among countries of origin, of transit and of destination is fundamental to stop Child Trafficking. Nations must hold all perpetrators accountable whether recruiters, intermediaries or users of exploited children. Internal Child Trafficking must be taken no less seriously than global Child Trafficking.
Existing conventions and laws need to be implemented and new ones to be passed to tackle effectively child trafficking. Operational mechanisms with human and technical resources available are necessary to implement and monitor the acts. Parliamentarians are key players in bridging political, governmental and civil concerns, and in mobilizing many partners for a common cause.
Protection of and assistance to victims are paramount in any anti-Child Trafficking strategy as it is important to prevent victims from being exposed to further exploitation and sometimes criminal prosecution.
Root causes - poverty, discrimination, exclusion and violence - need to be addressed along with the demand side.
Monitoring government activity,
- Ensuring that the necessary legislation is in place to punish traffickers, development of penalties,
- Improving law enforcement,
- Establishing law enforcement agencies such as a special Child Trafficking unit,
- Ensuring necessary technical, human and financial resources are made available,
- Developing victim assistance programmes,
- Reinforcing coordination between the different Ministries, & agencies
- Making public opinion aware.
Through specific steps to advance public policy, awareness and response, it is possible to tackle the scourge of Child Trafficking, to hold perpetrators of crimes of Child Trafficking of children accountable, and to build a protective environment for children but a strong action is necessary.
Child Labor
At ICS our main focus is on
Monitoring government activity and collecting reliable data,
- Improving law enforcement,
- Improving Child labor Legislation (especially to cover child domestic work and the informal sector)
- Ensuring that the necessary legislation is in place to punish employers, development of penalties,
- Ensuring necessary technical, human and financial resources are made available
- Developing child labourers rehabilitation programmes (Shelter, vocational education and training, psychological assistance, etc.)
- Developing Social awareness and activism. Reinforcing coordination between the different Ministries, agencies.
- To provide children with a complete and quality education, that will help them to learn skills to earn a living.
- To counsel families and communities on the long-term benefits of education.
- To develop social services - that help children and families survive crises, such as disease, or loss of home and shelter,
- To favor women’s equality. Women invest in their children's food, water, housing, clothing, and schooling. A commitment to women's equality must be part of the commitment to end child labour because when a woman's income improves, so does the situation of her children.
- To favor children’s participation in decisions that affects their lives and involves them in constructing "solutions" to their own problems.
- To increase family control of fertility - so that families not feel “burdened” by children.
Protecting Children in Conflict with the Law
It is in the sanction process that we find the difference to an ordinary system of justice. The goal of Juvenile Justice should be to establish responsibility and at the same time to promote re-integration to avoid the child to offend again. But this requires innovative and effective initiatives.
ICS asks for separate procedures for juveniles brought to court.
These should be child-friendly and promote rehabilitation and re-integration rather than punishment.
The offender’s parents or other legal guardian should be involved, unless this is deemed counterproductive for the rehabilitation of the child.
There is a need for everyone involved, including judges and prosecutors, to be educated not only about the law but also about the special needs of children.
Arrest, detention and imprisonment of children should be used “only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time”, as the UN Convention says.
The only reason for locking up children is that there is no other alternative to handle a serious and immediate risk to others.
- There should be a possibility for the child to challenge the accusations and even appeal.
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| Financial Management |
At Infova Financial management entails planning for the future of a person or a business enterprise to ensure a positive cash flow. It includes the administration and maintenance of financial assets. Besides, financial management covers the process of identifying and managing risks.
The primary concern of financial management is the assessment rather than the techniques of financial quantification. A financial manager looks at the available data to judge the performance of enterprises. Managerial finance is an interdisciplinary approach that borrows from both managerial accounting and corporate finance.
Some experts refer to financial management as the science of money management. The primary usage of this term is in the world of financing business activities. However, financial management is important at all levels of human existence because every entity needs to look after its finances. Indian Financial Management, or Financial Management in India, has become a key driver of economic growth .
Infova’s financial Management: Levels
Broadly speaking, the process of financial management takes place at two levels. At the individual level, financial management involves tailoring expenses according to the financial resources of an individual. Individuals with surplus cash or access to funding invest their money to make up for the impact of taxation and inflation. Else, they spend it on discretionary items. They need to be able to take the financial decisions that are intended to benefit them in the long run and help them achieve their financial goals.
From an organizational point of view, the process of financial management is associated with financial planning and financial control. Financial planning seeks to quantify various financial resources available and plan the size and timing of expenditures. Financial control refers to monitoring cash flow. Inflow is the amount of money coming into a particular company, while outflow is a record of the expenditure being made by the company. Managing this movement of funds in relation to the budget is essential for a business.
At the corporate level, the main aim of the process of managing finances is to achieve the various goals a company sets at a given point of time. Businesses also seek to generate substantial amounts of profits, following a particular set of financial processes.
Financial managers aim to boost the levels of resources at their disposal. Besides, they control the functioning on money put in by external investors. Providing investors with sufficient amount of returns on their investments is one of the goals that every company tries to achieve. Efficient financial management ensures that this becomes possible.
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| ICS Monitoring and Evaluation |
At Infova studies have identified six steps in designing an M & E system. These are:
- Establishing the purpose and scope - why do we need M & E and how comprehensive should our M & E system be?
- Identifying performance questions, information needs and indicators - what do we need to know to monitor and evaluate the project in order to manage it well?
- Planning information gathering and organization -how will the required information be gathered and organized?
- Planning critical reflection processes and events -how will we make sense of the information gathered and use it to make improvements?
- Planning for quality communication and reporting how and to whom do we want to communicate what in terms of our project activities and processes?
- Planning for the necessary conditions and capacities- what is needed to ensure our M&E system actually works?
These steps are elaborated below:
Step 1. Identifying Performance Questions
Rather than starting with indicators, first identify performance questions. This helps us to focus the information gathering on what we will really use for understanding and improving project performance. Identifying performance questions (indicators and selection methods) will be iterative: make an initial choice, assess its feasibility, accept and use it or reject it and find the next option.
Step 2. Identifying Information Needs and Indicators
Using our performance questions, we can more easily identify useful indicators and other information needs for which we shall collect the data. Only data that help us to answer performance questions are necessary. This helps to avoid collecting information that is difficult to use and to guide the project strategy and operations.
Step 3. Knowing What Baseline Information We Need
Many baseline studies suffer from information overload and lack of use of collected information. When deciding whether we need to collect baseline data for a particular performance question, we have to ask ourselves if we need to compare the information to be able to answer the question. If not, or if information already exists, then we do not need to collect such information as baseline data.
Step 4. Selecting Which Data Collection Methods to Use, by Whom and How Often
Once we have decided what information is needed and what indicators will be used, we need to decide which methods will be used for gathering the data. Methods that are more qualitative or more quantitative, more or less participatory, and more or less resource intensive may be used. Each method provides information of varying degrees of accuracy and reliability.
Step 5. Identifying the Necessary Practical Support for Information Gathering
We have to select a method to lead to information we require and then we have to consider as to how to:
- Develop process to record data
- Develop process, filling systems and database for collating and storing information
- Train staff, partners or community members who will be involved
- Check and validate data
- Organize external M & E research expertise that may be needed
Step 6. Organizing Analysis, Feedback and Change
To ensure that the collected data will be used for the purpose of assessing the project implementation and effectiveness, it is necessary to organize the analysis and provide the feed back to decision-making levels. |
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| Education |
| The main focal area of interventions on Education issues covers :
Primary Education
ICS has worked for development of Primary education as the same is the first stage of compulsory education. It is preceded by pre-school or nursery education and is followed by secondary education.
Secondary Education
ICS has worked for the following stages:-
A. The Primary Stage consists of Classes I-V, i.e., of five year duration, in 20 States/UTs namely Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi and Karaikal and Yanam regions of Pondicherry. The primary stage consists of classes I-IV in Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Mahe region of Pondicherry
B. The Middle Stage of education comprises Classes VI-VIII in as many as 18 States. Uts viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi and Karaikal region of Pondicherry; Classes V-VII in Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Mahe region of Pondicherry and Classes VI-VII in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Yanam region of Pondicherry. In Nagaland Classes V – VIII constitute the upper primary stage.
C. The Secondary Stage consists of Classes IX-X in 19 States/UTs. Viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan , Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi and Karaikal region of Pondicherry. The High School stage comprises classes VIII to X in 13 States/UTs viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Orissa, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Mahe & Yanam regions of Pondicherry. However, the Higher Secondary / Senior Secondary stage of school comprising classes XI-XII (10+2 pattern) is available in all the States/UTs though in some States/UTs these classes are attached to Universities/Colleges.
Adult Education
ICS has worked for Adult education in the practice of teaching and educating adults. The practice is also often referred to as 'Training and Development'. It has also been referred to as andragogy (to distinguish it from pedagogy). |
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| Health |
| The main focal area of interventions on Health issues covers :
Child and Mother Care
ICS has a well-documented description of caring for pregnant women, called Garbhini Paricharya. The regimen prescribes practices for each month and stage of pregnancy. These systems are, in fact, diligently followed as traditional practices in innumerable households even today.
Nutrition
ICS has worked for Social Welfare in improving the eating habits and consequently, the health of the less-fortunate groups in society . Information Dissemination on optimum dietary practices, since the present era is highly health-conscious. In the sector like food manufacture, catering services and restaurants where nutrition professionals do anything from menu planning to meal preparation to promotion of the food products with functions of nutrition in hospitals and clinics. with Research & Development with conducting research projects on various food items to ensure welfare from both the commercial food services viewpoint, plus that of the health care provision.
Rural Health
ICS has carried out research projects and has established that the impact of “place” on health has gained increased attention. Does where people live, work, and play make a difference in terms of access and utilization of health services? Place does matter, in some cases. When discussing the role of place in health as a concept, health status and health behaviors, including health services utilization, are shaped by an aggregate of interacting factors encapsulated in specific geographic locations. Researchers have attempted to compare the health of rural and urban dwellers.
Urban Health
ICS has worked very hard despite the existing rural-urban dichotomy. The urban areas are generally a part of the industrial economy, which facilitates their being organized. The organized sector has the ability and means to raise demands on the state to meet their social needs like health care, education, water supply etc. Also, the officials of the State are located in the urban areas and hence have a vested interest in giving primacy to its development.
Leprosy
ICS has undertaken various projects for the medications pertaining to Prolonged therapeutic regimens that have traditionally been recommended in the treatment of leprosy.
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